Everything about The Great Turkish War totally explained
The
Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the
Ottoman Empire and contemporary
European powers, then joined into a
Holy League, during the second half of the 17th century. It marked the end of the Ottoman incursion into Europe.
1667–1683
» See also: Polish-Cossack-Tatar War (1666-1671), Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), Russo-Turkish War, 1676-1681
After
Bohdan Khmelnytsky's rebellion, when
Russia acquired parts of Eastern
Ukraine from the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, some
cossacks stayed in the southeast of the Commonwealth. Their leader,
Petro Doroshenko, wanted to connect the rest of Ukraine with the
Ottoman Empire, starting a rebellion against
hetman (Polish army commander)
Jonn III Sobieski. The
Sultan Mohamed IV, who knew that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was weak due to internal conflicts, attacked
Kamieniec Podolski, a large city on the border.
A small Polish army was defeated by a larger Ottoman one in what is sometimes known as the Polish-Ottoman War of 1672-1676. The first battle took place in
Sconograd,
Hungary, which was occupied by the
Ottomans. The
Polish army was defeated. The Poles retreated after three months. The Poles tried to defeat the Ottomans for four years, with no success. The Turkish advance followed later to the beginning of the
Russo-Turkish Wars. The Poles agreed to surrender
Kamieniec Podolski and the adjacent region and to pay
tribute to the Ottoman Sultan.
When a message about the defeat and treaty terms reached
Warsaw, the
Sejm refused to pay the
tribute. Accordingly the Sejm organized a large army under
Jan Sobieski, who won a battle near
Chocim in 1673 without however regaining Kamieniec Podolski. However, after
King Michael’s death in 1673, Jan Sobieski was elected king of Poland.
War of the Holy League (1683–1698)
After a few years of peace, the
Ottoman Empire attacked the
Habsburg Empire. The Turks almost captured
Vienna, but
John III Sobieski led a
Christian alliance that defeated them in the
Battle of Vienna which stalled the Ottoman Empire's
hegemony in south-eastern Europe.
A new
Holy League was initiated by
Pope Innocent XI and encompassed the
Holy Roman Empire (headed by
Habsburg Austria), the
Venetian Republic and
Poland in 1684, joined by
Muscovite Russia in 1686. The second
Battle of Mohács was a crushing defeat for the Sultan.
Russia's involvement marked the first time the country formally joined an alliance of European powers. This was the beginning of a series of
Russo-Turkish Wars, which continued into the
20th century. As a result of the
Crimean campaigns and
Azov campaigns, Russia captured the key Ottoman fortress of
Azov.
Following the
Battle of Zenta, the League won the war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the
Treaty of Karlowitz. The Ottomans ceded most of
Hungary,
Transylvania and
Slavonia to Austria while
Podolia returned to Poland. Most of
Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the
Morea (the
Peloponnesus peninsula), which the Ottomans regained in the
Treaty of Passarowitz of
1718.
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